Rotavirus vaccine efficacy: current status and areas for improvement

Carvalho, Miguel F.; Gill, Davinder

but still higher for IM). Evaluation of viral shedding and diarrhoea after challenge indicated stronger protection for piglets immunized with microneedle than IM. 76 Another approach to overcome the barriers that EE pose to classical oral vaccine delivery is sublingual administration. Advantages over dermal vaccines include absence of keratinized surface cells that prevent simpler access to APCs (buccal, sublingual routes lead to antigen uptake in 30-60 min). Differences in saliva composition, pH and flow rate are potential obstacles to buccal vaccine delivery. Examples include live attenuated viruses and inactivated vaccines for influenza, adenoviral vectors to deliver antigens in pre-clinical models (e.g. influenza HA, HIV, Ebola) and bacterial vaccines such as B. subtilis-expressing toxins. Inactivated vaccines include non-replicating formulations that require adjuvants such as CpG and detoxified CT and LT for proper mucosal response (e.g. HPV, RSV, HIV component proteins worked in pre-clinical assays 77 ).