Miniaturized PCR chips for nucleic acid amplification and analysis: latest advances and future trends

Zhang, Chunsun; Xing, Da

Noninvasive temperature measurement technique based on Raman spectroscopy. If a molecule is excited by incident radiation from the ground state to a higher unstable vibrational state, it can either return to the original state (i.e. Rayleigh scattering), or to a different vibrational state (i.e. Raman scattering). There are two basic methods for determining the temperature by Raman scattering: the Stokes Raman method and the Stokes to anti-Stokes ratio method (96) . The Raman spectroscopy-based temperature measurement has been successfully applied to the PCR chips as a new in situ and noninvasive temperature measuring technique (15) . The diameter of the laser beam in the micro-Raman system can be adjusted to 1 mm and the perturbation of the fluid condition can be negligible. The laser beam can be focused anywhere inside the chamber/channel to allow the whole field temperature measurement.