Pathology of infectious diseases: new agents, opportunistic, neglectable, emergent, reemergent diseases and why not super resistant nosocomial bacteria?

Duarte-Neto, Amaro Nunes

We are living in a world with constant social, economic, and demographic change: rapid mobility of a large contingent of people over long distances in the short period of time; social imbalance; populations deprived of liberty and refugees; poor vaccine coverage; and changes in the climate and ecosystems that favor vector proliferation and circulation of agents (mainly viral) are some examples of factors that interact as a puzzle to explain the variety of epidemics that have been experienced in recent years worldwide. 1 In Brazil, we have been in the midst of a hurricane of emerging and re-emerging disease epidemics over the past 35 to 40 years, especially in the last 4 to 5 years, which was worthy of an editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine, entitled "... Once Again on the Radar Screen ... " 2 Examples include AIDS, dengue, leptospirosis, rubella, and measles in the 1980s and 1990s; dengue and H1N1 in the 2000s; annual dengue epidemics and the emergence of Chikungunya and Zika from 2014 to 2019; and the re-emergence of yellow fever, respiratory syncytial virus and measles from 2017 to 2019 ( Figure 1 ).