Potential Pathogens Reported in Species of the Family Viverridae and Their Implications for Human and Animal Health

Wicker, L. V.; Canfield, P. J.; Higgins, D. P.

A total of 98 peer-reviewed publications reported the identification of organisms from species within the family Viverridae. These included 10 viruses, eight bacterial species, a single internal arthropod species and representatives from 21 genera of nematode, seven genera of cestode, eight genera of trematode, six genera of external arthropod, and eight genera of protozoan, many of which were not identified to species level. These organisms are presented in detail in Tables 1-7. Of the ten viruses reported for Viverridae (Table 1) , three were zoonoses of considerable public health significance. These were the SARS coronavirus (SARS CoV) (Guan et al., 2003; Poon et al., 2005) ; HPAI H5N1 (Roberton et al., 2006; Wu et al., 2013 ) and a number of variants of the rabies virus (Enurah et al., 1988a; Wilde et al., 1991; Tremlett et al., 1994; Nel et al., 2005; Susetya et al., 2008; Pfukenyi et al., 2009; Matsumoto et al., 2011) . Three important viruses of domestic carnivores were also reported, including canine distemper virus (CDV) (Machida et al., 1992; Hur et al., 1999; Chandra et al., 2000; L opez-Peña et al., 2001; Hirama et al., 2004; Chen et al., 2007; Takayama et al., 2009) , feline parvovirus (caused by the feline panleukopenia virus, FPV) (Ikeda et al., 1999; Demeter et al., 2009) and canine parvovirus (CP) (Santos et al., 2009; Xiao-Ying et al., 2011; Duarte et al., 2013) . In more recent years, the use of advanced molecular techniques has enabled the identification of five novel viruses of uncertain significance. These were an orthoreovirus (mammalian reovirus MPC/04) isolated (Guan et al., 2003; Tu, 2004; Kan et al., 2005; Wu et al., 2005; Wang and Eaton, 2007) Family (Enurah et al., 1988a; Wilde et al., 1991; Tremlett et al., 1994; Nel et al., 2005; Susetya et al., 2008b; Pfukenyi et al., 2009; Matsumoto et al., 2011) Ikoma lyssavirus (Machida et al., 1992; Hur et al., 1999; Chandra et al., 2000; L opez-Peña et al., 2001; Hirama et al., 2004; Chen et al., 2007; Takayama et al., 2009; Techangamsuwan et al., 2014) Family from Masked palm civet (Paguma larvata) in China (Shao et al., 2008 (Shao et al., , 2010 ; the ikoma lyssavirus, a novel divergent lyssavirus (Marston et al., 2012) ; two picornaviruses (genet faecal theilovirus (GFTV) and a kobuvirus genotype); and a picobirnavirus (genet faecal picobirnavirus) (Bodewes et al., 2014; ) . Reports of eight bacterial species, all of which are multihost organisms with zoonotic potential, were found (Table 2 ). Nine serovars of Leptospira interrogans, including some known to cause leptospirosis in humans (Mill an et al., 2009) , were cultured (Smith et al., 1961; Tsai et al., 1973) or identified on serology (Mill an et al., 2009; Moinet et al., 2010) , and the gram-negative bacteria Bartonella henselae, responsible for cat scratch fever in humans, was isolated from a wild, peri-urban-dwelling Masked palm civet (Sato et al., 2013) . A number of reports also describe isolation of enteric bacteria from viverrids. These include Salmonella enterica serovar Glostrup (Falade and Durojaiye, 1976) ; Klebsiella pneumoniae (Enurah et al., 1988b) ; and Plesiomonas shigelloides (Bardon, 1999) , an Escherichia coli with a broad antibiotic resistance panel from a captive Masked palm civet (Ahmed et al., 2007) , and Salmonella enterica enterica (serovars Enteritidis, Nagoya and 4,12:I), Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Campylobacter spp. from peri-urban, free-ranging Masked palm civets (Lee et al.,