Author: Shereen, Muhammad Adnan; Khan, Suliman; Kazmi, Abeer; Bashir, Nadia; Siddique, Rabeea
Title: COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses Document date: 2020_3_16
ID: 1mjaycee_7
Snippet: All coronaviruses contain specific genes in ORF1 downstream regions that encode proteins for viral replication, nucleocapsid and spikes formation [25] . The glycoprotein spikes on the outer surface of coronaviruses are responsible for the attachment and entry of the virus to host cells (Fig. 1) . The receptor-binding domain (RBD) is loosely attached among virus, therefore, the virus may infect multiple hosts [26, 27] . Other coronaviruses mostly .....
Document: All coronaviruses contain specific genes in ORF1 downstream regions that encode proteins for viral replication, nucleocapsid and spikes formation [25] . The glycoprotein spikes on the outer surface of coronaviruses are responsible for the attachment and entry of the virus to host cells (Fig. 1) . The receptor-binding domain (RBD) is loosely attached among virus, therefore, the virus may infect multiple hosts [26, 27] . Other coronaviruses mostly recognize aminopeptidases or carbohydrates as a key receptor for entry to human cells while SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV recognize exopeptidases [2] . The entry mechanism of a coronavirus depends upon cellular proteases which include, human airway trypsin-like protease (HAT), cathepsins and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) that split the spike protein and establish further penetration changes [28, 29] . MERS-coronavirus employs dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), while HCoV-NL63 and SARS-coronavirus require angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a key receptor [2, 26] .
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