Potential risk of viral transmission from flying foxes to domestic animals and humans on the southern coast of West Java, Indonesia

BASRI, Chaerul; ARIFIN, Eko Muhammad Zainal; TAKEMAE, Hitoshi; HENGJAN, Yupadee; IIDA, Keisuke; SUDARNIKA, Etih; ZAHID, Abdul; SOEJOEDONO, Retno Damayanti; SUSETYA, Heru; SUMIARTO, Bambang; KOBAYASHI, Ryosuke; AGUNGPRIYONO, Srihadi; HONDO, Eiichi

The profiles of respondents living in areas located within a radius <1 km (a), 1-5 km (b) and 5-10 km (c) from the outer border of the nature conservation area are shown in Table 1 . Area (a) mostly lies along the south coast of Java and contains fruit and vegetable farms and plantations. Area (b) is quite urbanized with little agricultural land and area (c) is a mountainous region covered with timber and rubber plantations. A total of 10 villages were chosen for this study, namely, Karyamukti, Najaten, Sagara, and Sancang in area (a); Karyasari, Mekarwangi and Sancang in area (b); and Maroko, Mekarsari and Sagara in area (c). The distribution of respondents in each area is shown in Fig. 2 . Respondent characteristics are shown in Table 1 . The majority of respondents (89.3%) were men, as explained above. This is because men are more interested in flying foxes compared with women. Men more frequently go outside their houses at night and thus have more opportunity to encounter flying foxes. Most respondents were also over 40 years old. The educational attainment of more than half of respondents (54.7%) was elementary school level; residents of area (c) had the lowest educational levels. This is likely because access to schools is difficult owing to poor transportation.