Elevated hepatic DPP4 activity promotes insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Baumeier, Christian; Schlüter, Luisa; Saussenthaler, Sophie; Laeger, Thomas; Rödiger, Maria; Alaze, Stella Amelie; Fritsche, Louise; Häring, Hans-Ulrich; Stefan, Norbert; Fritsche, Andreas; Schwenk, Robert Wolfgang; Schürmann, Annette

Liver and adipose tissue were fixed in 4% formaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Sirius Red, and Trichrome staining of liver sections were performed using a standard protocol. Neutral lipids were stained in cryo sections using oil red O. For immunohistochemical staining, paraffin embedded sections were deparaffinized and incubated with appropriate antibodies (Supplementary Table 1 ) at 4 C overnight. Secondary antibodies were either Alexa-488, Alexa-546 labeled, or biotinylated (Supplementary Table 1 ). TO-PRO-3 iodide (Invitrogen) was used for nuclei staining. Microscopy was performed with the confocal Laser Scan microscope Leica-DMi8 (Leica Microsystems) or the Keyence BZ-9000 fluorescent microscope (Keyence International).