Multiplexed Nucleic Acid Programmable Protein Arrays

Yu, Xiaobo; Song, Lusheng; Petritis, Brianne; Bian, Xiaofang; Wang, Haoyu; Viloria, Jennifer; Park, Jin; Bui, Hoang; Li, Han; Wang, Jie; Liu, Lei; Yang, Liuhui; Duan, Hu; McMurray, David N.; Achkar, Jacqueline M.; Magee, Mitch; Qiu, Ji; LaBaer, Joshua

Protein microarrays display individual proteins at high density on a chemically-modified slide that can be tested simultaneously with high sensitivity, high specificity, and low reagent consumption. They have been widely applied in basic and translational research, such as protein interaction studies, immune profiling, vaccine development, biomarker discovery and clinical diagnostics, etc. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . For example, Zhang et al. used a human protein microarray to better understand how arsenic, which is used in chemotherapy, disrupts cancer signaling pathways and, further, to identify potential targets of novel therapeutic treatments. Of the 16,368 proteins that were screened, 360 arsenic binding proteins were identified, which may be novel targets for cancer treatment [7] . Anderson et al. used protein Ivyspring International Publisher microarrays to discover a 28-autoantibody biomarker signature of early stage breast cancer with a sensitivity and specificity of 80.8% and 61.6%, respectively [13] . By combining those autoantibodies with several protein biomarkers, Provista Diagnostics developed the first protein-based blood test for early breast cancer detection called Videssa® Breast [14] . Ayoglu et al. screened sera from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients using protein microarrays containing 11,520 purified protein fragments and then validated those results using bead-based arrays [15] . The arrays indicated that Anoctamin 2 autoantibodies and the MS-associated HLA complex DRB1*15 allele were strongly associated. Additional experiments showed that Anoctamin 2 aggregates near and inside lesions within human MS brain tissue [15] .