Coptidis Rhizoma: a comprehensive review of its traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology

Wang, Jin; Wang, Lin; Lou, Guan-Hua; Zeng, Hai-Rong; Hu, Ju; Huang, Qin-Wan; Peng, Wei; Yang, Xiang-Bo

Berberine inhibited the expression of Cyclin D1 and the activity of the related AP-1 and Wnt pathways. Berberine prevented the proliferation of lung cancer PG cells by inhibiting Cyclin D1, increasing the number of cells in the Go/G1 phase, and decreasing the number of cells in the S phase and G2/M phase (Ye 2007) . Berberine blocked human gastric carcinoma cell entrance into the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase, and inhibited colorectal adenocarcinoma growth by inducing G2/M phase arrest (Sha et al. 2011; Cai et al. 2014 ). However, CR and berberine decreased the number of CNZ-2Z cells in the Go/G1 phase significantly, while the number of cells in the S phase increased significantly, indicating that the cell cycle was blocked in the S phase (Cui et al. 2008) . In osteosarcoma, berberine treatment led to G1/S cell cycle arrest in p53-presenting cells, but may cause G2/M arrest in p53-deficient cells, suggesting that p53 may play diverse roles in the cell cycle distribution in berberine-treated cancer cells ). In addition, another CR component, jatrorrhizine, could inhibit the proliferation and neovascularization of C8161 human metastatic melanoma cells by inducing cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 transition . Moreover, columbamine could suppress proliferation and neovascularization of metastatic osteosarcoma U2OS cells with low cytotoxicity and induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M transition, which was associated with attenuation of CDK6 gene expression, STAT3 phosphorylation and MMP2 expression (Bao et al. 2012) .