Chronic infections can shape epidemic exposure: Pathogen co-occurrence networks in the Serengeti lions

Nicholas M. Fountain-Jones; Craig Packer; Maude Jacquot; F. Guillaume Blanchet; Karen Terio; Meggan E. Craft

. CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license is made available under a The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It . https://doi.org/10.1101/370841 doi: bioRxiv preprint 2 8 2 8 protective immunity to blood-stage malaria by concurrent nematode infection. Infect. Imunity, 73, 3531-9. Susi, H., Barrès, B., Vale, P.F., Laine, A.-L., Mideo, N., Alizon, S., et al. (2015) . Co-infection alters population dynamics of infectious disease. Nat. Commun., 6, 5975. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol., 143, 338-346. Vaumourin, E., Vourc'h, G., Gasqui, P., Vayssier-Taussat, M., Windsor, D., Anderson, R., et al. (2015) . The importance of multiparasitism: examining the consequences of co-infections for human and animal health. Parasit. Vectors, 8, 545. Warton, D.I., Blanchet, F.G., O'Hara, R.B., Ovaskainen, O., Taskinen, S., Walker, S.C., .0 International license is made available under a The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It . https://doi.org/10.1101/370841 doi: bioRxiv preprint 0 3 0 * We calculated this predictor two years prior to sampling to account for differences in individual status at a potential time of exposure or infection (e.g., individuals that had just immigrated into a pride when sampled were considered nomads as exposure or infection was likely to have occurred previously. †: We averaged over two years to reduce the variability in pride counts as exposure was unlikely to have happened during the sampling year.