Author: Cliver, Dean O.
Title: Control of Viral Contamination of Food and Environment Document date: 2008_12_24
ID: wvfrwnft_9
Snippet: Animal manures may contain a variety of zoonotic pathogens, but few viruses are apparently transmissible to humans in this way (Cliver et al. 2006; Cliver and Moe 2004) . Detection of animal enteroviruses may serve to demonstrate problems with run-off into waterways, but these viruses are seldom a direct threat to human health. Hepatitis E virus may sometimes be transmitted to humans by swine manure, but the main source appears to be raw porcine .....
Document: Animal manures may contain a variety of zoonotic pathogens, but few viruses are apparently transmissible to humans in this way (Cliver et al. 2006; Cliver and Moe 2004) . Detection of animal enteroviruses may serve to demonstrate problems with run-off into waterways, but these viruses are seldom a direct threat to human health. Hepatitis E virus may sometimes be transmitted to humans by swine manure, but the main source appears to be raw porcine liver (Aggarwal and Naik 2008) . Tick-borne encephalitis virus is transmitted zoonotically only via the milk of infected animals (Grešiková 1994) . Zoonotic transmission of the SARS agent, during the outbreak that occurred in 2002-2003, is still an open question (Bell et al. 2004; Duizer and Koopmans 2008) ; the virus was detected in human sewage (Wang et al. 2005a, b) . Transmission of avian influenza virus via food has not been demonstrated, but remains a possibility (Duizer and Koopmans 2008) .
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