How and Why Overcome the Impediments to Resolution: Lessons from rhinolophid and hipposiderid Bats

Foley, Nicole M.; Thong, Vu Dinh; Soisook, Pipat; Goodman, Steven M.; Armstrong, Kyle N.; Jacobs, David S.; Puechmaille, Sébastien J.; Teeling, Emma C.

1) The base of the Rhinolophoidea was constrained following Teeling et al. (2005) , which placed the maximum age of this group at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary, 56 Ma, as there are no early Eocene fossils for this group. 2) Hipposideros first appears in the fossil record in the Bartonian (Eiting and Gunnell 2009) , which gives a minimum bound of 37 Ma. Stratigraphic bounding provided a maximum bound of 56 Ma. This constraint was applied to the split between the Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae. 3) Rhinonicteris first appears in the fossil record in the Burdigalian (Eiting and Gunnell 2009) , which gives a minimum bound of 16 Ma. Stratigraphic bounding provided a maximum bound of 34 Ma. This constraint was applied to the split between Rhinon. aurantia and Paratriaenops spp. 4) Saharaderma first appears in the fossil record in the Priabonian (Eiting and Gunnell 2009) , which gives a minimum bound of 34 Ma. Saharaderma is preferred to Necromantis as its phylogenetic affinities with megadermatids are less disputed following Meredith et al. (2011) . Stratigraphic bounding provided a maximum bound of 49 Ma. This constraint was applied to the split between Craseonycteridae and Megadermatidae.