How and Why Overcome the Impediments to Resolution: Lessons from rhinolophid and hipposiderid Bats

Foley, Nicole M.; Thong, Vu Dinh; Soisook, Pipat; Goodman, Steven M.; Armstrong, Kyle N.; Jacobs, David S.; Puechmaille, Sébastien J.; Teeling, Emma C.

Biogeographic analysis was carried out using the ML method implemented in Lagrange (Ree and Smith 2008) . Distribution data were gathered for all taxa in the tree from Bat Distribution Viewer (Polish Academy of Sciences, http://gis. miiz.waw.pl/webapps/thebats/iucn/, last accessed October 1, 2014) except for Rhinopoma hardwickii, which has recently been split into two species (table 1) , whose distribution was recalculated in line with this revision (Hulva et al. 2007 ). Distributions for all species were coded as eight possible areas: A) Europe, B) South America, C) South East Asia, D) India, E) Middle East, F) East Asia, G) Australia, and H) Africa (including Madagascar). Reconstructions were performed on the tree arising from the BEAST analysis of the exon+intronoutliers removed data set. The maximum number of areas allowed in the reconstruction was set to two. Implausible geographic ranges, for example, a range where a single species is reconstructed as being present only in two disparate coding areas such as South America and India were removed from the analysis. All other parameters were run as default.