Plant-made vaccines and reagents for the One Health initiative

Rybicki, Edward Peter

Framework I vaccines may be used for protection of humans and domesticated animals, where neither is central to the transmission cycle (eg: West Nile flavivirus). Framework II vaccines are to be used in domesticated animals to prevent disease in both animals and humans, for disease agents transmitted directly or indirectly via arthropod vectors from animals to humans (eg: vaccines for brucellosis, Escherichia coli O157, anthrax; rabies, Rift Valley fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, and Hendra / Nipah viruses). Framework III vaccines are intended for use in wild animals, to prevent transmission of disease both to domesticated animals and to humans (eg: rabies virus vaccines in oral baits, Mycobacterium bovis and Lyme disease vaccines). Anthrax and rabies are 2 good case studies for One Health. Anthraxcaused by Bacillus anthracis -is a disease of great antiquity; while the development of the live spore vaccine that is still used significantly reduced its incidence in livestock worldwide after 1937, outbreaks in domesticated animals are becoming increasingly common and outbreaks in wildlife are frequently underreported or undetected. 3 Humans are usually infected via exposure to infected livestock and to carcasses of wild animals, especially in Africa and other developing areas. There is also an increasing awareness of the potential use of B. anthracis spores as a biological weapon, which adds some urgency to the development of highly effective universal vaccines.