Recent Advances in Biosensor Development for Foodborne Virus Detection

Neethirajan, Suresh; Ahmed, Syed Rahin; Chand, Rohit; Buozis, John; Nagy, Éva

The application of plasmonic nanomaterials can be categorised into plasmonic and non-plasmonic systems [49] . In plasmonic systems, metal nanoparticles (NPs) are considered as a plasmonic probes which have a suitable inter-particle distance, smaller than the diameter of particles to generate plasmonic coupling of particles. A visible color from red to blue can be produced variously with colorimetric detectability (Figure 4 ). An advanced example of plasmonic nanomaterials is direct aggregation, without specific ligands between a single-stranded primer DNA, and its adsorption on citrate-coated Au gold nanoparticles. On the other hand, indirect aggregation can be used to detect viruses through modifying virus targeting molecules on virus surfaces. The challenging key to this technology is controlling particle aggregation in a reproducible manner. This can be improved using a protein-glycan pairing relying on the multivalence properties of glycan to improve weak protein detection of viral surface proteins. Another advanced improvement is signal amplification using catalytic or DNA enzymatic assays, such as alkaline phosphatase catalyst, and DNA enzymes to provide rapid detection of virus sequences.