The cell biology of receptor-mediated virus entry

Grove, Joe; Marsh, Mark

Several viruses exploit motor proteins to travel along the cytoskeleton within the cell body (Greber and Way, 2006) . HIV, Herpes simplex virus, and adenovirus all appear to exploit dynein-mediated retrograde microtubule translocation to facilitate transport to the nucleus and infection (Sodeik et al., 1997; Suomalainen et al., 1999; McDonald et al., 2002) . The use of (Alvarez et al., 2002; Simmons et al., 2003) , facilitating interaction with the receptor TIM-1. (B) Axl receptor tyrosine kinase is thought to promote virus particle uptake via macropinocytosis. Critically, Ebola virus does not directly engage Axl; the Axl ligand Gas-6 may associate with virus particles and facilitate indirect interaction between Ebola virus and Axl, as demonstrated for other viruses (Morizono et al., 2011) . (C) Within the late endosome/lysosome, viral glycoprotein GP1 undergoes sequential proteolytic cleavage by cathepsins L and B, allowing interaction with NPC1, a putative endosomal receptor. Ebola virus membrane fusion is dependent on the viral glycoprotein GP2 and occurs from the late endosome/lysosome, although the exact molecular triggers remain unclear.