Pathogen–host–environment interplay and disease emergence

Engering, Anneke; Hogerwerf, Lenny; Slingenbergh, Jan

Apart from geographic jumps and local expansions, many mixed forms might occur, with new colony establishment and growth leading to coalescence and an advancing pest or disease frontline, taking the form of stratified dispersal. 95 Pathogens prone to emerge in a novel geographic area Disease emergence involving new landscapes may concern the full range of pathogens, from viruses to bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, ecto-parasites and other pest agents, and also arthropods. In principle, any type of pathogen may show up in a novel geographic area should the opportunity presents itself. Still, it remains that pathogens with flexibility are more dispersive and therefore, more prominent in this disease emergency category.