Pathogenic Influenza Viruses and Coronaviruses Utilize Similar and Contrasting Approaches To Control Interferon-Stimulated Gene Responses

Menachery, Vineet D.; Eisfeld, Amie J.; Schäfer, Alexandra; Josset, Laurence; Sims, Amy C.; Proll, Sean; Fan, Shufang; Li, Chengjun; Neumann, Gabriele; Tilton, Susan C.; Chang, Jean; Gralinski, Lisa E.; Long, Casey; Green, Richard; Williams, Christopher M.; Weiss, Jeffrey; Matzke, Melissa M.; Webb-Robertson, Bobbie-Jo; Schepmoes, Athena A.; Shukla, Anil K.; Metz, Thomas O.; Smith, Richard D.; Waters, Katrina M.; Katze, Michael G.; Kawaoka, Yoshihiro; Baric, Ralph S.

ly reduced association with H3K4me3, suggesting the absence of the active H3 motif. Examining the repressive H3K27me3 revealed enhanced association with CFHR1, DDX58, and SMAD9L during H5N1-VN1203 infection (Fig. 4B) ; no significant H3K27me3 association was observed for these genes following H1N1-09 infection. IRF9, an ISG upregulated following both H1N1-09 and H5N1-VN1203 infection, demonstrated similar trends for both H3K4me3 and H3K27me3, with no significant differences observed between the strains (Fig. 4A and B) . Together, the results indicate that altered histone modification occurs in the context of H5N1-VN1203 infection and these patterns of change correlate with the observed differences in ISG antagonism.