Induction of transposable element expression is central to innate sensing

Rookhuizen, Derek C.; Bonte, Pierre-Emmanuel; Ye, Mengliang; Hoyler, Thomas; Gentili, Matteo; Burgdorf, Nina; Durand, Sylvère; Aprahamian, Fanny; Kroemer, Guido; Manel, Nicolas; Waterfall, Joshua J; Milne, Richard; Goudot, Christel; Towers, Greg J.; Amigorena, Sebastian

Evidence indicates that transposable elements (TEs) stimulate innate sensing pathways in various pathologies but it is not clear whether they are sensed during normal physiological responses. Here we show that, during activation with an exogenous pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP), dendritic cells (DCs) epigenetically remodel heterochromatin at TEs by depleting the methyltransferase Suv39h1 and reducing histone-3 lysine-9 trimethylation (H3K9me3). TLR4 signaling activates TE expression to enhance innate responses through the DNA sensor cGAS. Cytosolic cGAS-bound DNA comprised LINE1 TEs as the predominant endogenous ligands. Concordantly, LINE1 inhibition attenuated the type-I IFN response to LPS and rescued influenza virus infection. We propose that in healthy cells, exogenous PAMPs epigenetically activate self-derived PAMPs (LINE1) that engage cGAS to enhance responses. These data explain why pathogens employ redundant and broad innate immune countermeasures, to suppress activation of host PAMPs and illustrate a hitherto unappreciated role for host genome-derived PAMPs in response to pathogens.