The implementation of a national paediatric oncology protocol for neuroblastoma in South Africa

van Heerden, Jaques; Hendricks, Marc; Poole, Janet; Büchner, Ané; Naidu, Gita; du Plessis, Jan; van Emmenes, Barry; van Zyl, Anel; Uys, Ronelle; Johani, Johani; Hadley, G. P.; Harrison, Derek; Rowe, Biance; Bassingthwaighte, Mairi; Moonsamy, Nicolene; Kruger, Mariana

PURPOSE: The aim of the World Health Organization-International Paediatric Oncology Society is to improve childhood cancer survival in low- and middle-income countries to 60% by 2030. This can be achieved using standardised evidence-based national treatment protocols for common childhood cancers. The aim of the study was to describe the development and implementation of the SACCSG NB-2017 neuroblastoma (NB) treatment protocol as part of the treatment harmonisation process of the South African Children’s Cancer Study Group. METHODS: The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research was used to identify factors that could influence the implementation of the national NB protocol as a health care intervention. The evaluation was done according to five interactive domains for implementation: intervention characteristics, inner setting, outer setting, individual or team characteristics and the implementation process. RESULTS: The protocol was developed over 26 months by 26 physicians involved in childhood cancer management. The process included an organisational phase, a resource identification phase, a development phase and a research ethics approval phase. Challenges included nationalised inertia, variable research ethical approval procedures with delays and uncoordinated clinical trial implementation. CONCLUSION: The implementation of the national NB protocol demonstrated the complexity of the implementation of a national childhood cancer treatment protocol. However, standardised paediatric cancer treatment protocols based on local expertise and resources in limited settings are feasible. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10552-021-01424-2.