A Rapid Bead-Based Assay For Screening Of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralising Antibodies

Lupitha, Santhik Subhasingh; Darvin, Pramod; Chandrasekharan, Aneesh; Varadarajan, Shanakara Narayanan; Divakaran, Soumya Jaya; Easwaran, Sreekumar; Nelson-Sathi, Shijulal; Umasankar, Perunthottathu K; Jones, Sara; Joseph, Iype; Pillai, M. Radhakrishna; Santhoshkumar, TR

Quantitative determination of neutralizing antibodies against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is paramount in immunodiagnostics, vaccine efficacy testing, and immune response profiling among the vaccinated population. Cost-effective, rapid, easy-to-perform assays are essential to support the vaccine development process and immunosurveillance studies. Here, we describe a bead-based screening assay for S1-neutralization using recombinant fluorescent proteins of hACE2 and SARS-CoV2-S1, immobilized on solid beads employing nanobodies /metal-affinity tags. Nanobody-mediated capture of SARS-CoV-2 - Spike (S1) on agarose beads served as the trap for soluble recombinant ACE2-GFPSpark, inhibited by neutralizing antibody. The first approach demonstrates single-color fluorescent imaging of ACE2–GFPspark binding to His-tagged S1-Receptor Binding Domain (RBD-His) immobilized beads. The second approach is dual-color imaging of soluble ACE2-GFPSpark to S1-Orange Fluorescent Protein (S1-OFPSpark) beads. Both methods showed a good correlation with the gold standard pseudovirion assay and can be adapted to any fluorescent platforms for screening. Life-time imaging of the ACE2-GFPSpark confirmed the interaction of ACE2 and S1-OFPSpark on beads. The self-renewable source of secreted recombinant proteins from stable cells and its direct use without necessitating purification renders the platform a cost-effective and rapid one than the popular pseudovirion assay and live virus-based assays. Any laboratory with minimum expertise can rapidly perform this bead assay for neutralizing antibody detection using stable engineered cells.