Prevalence and effect of bacterial co-infections on clinical outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients at a tertiary care centre of India

Pathak, A.; Singh, S.; Patel, S. S.; Fatima, N.; Garg, A.; Ghoshal, U.; Sahu, C.

Abstract Background: Bacterial co-infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality during viral infections including COVID-19. Systematic testing of COVID-19 patients having bacterial co-infections is essential to select the correct antibiotic for treatment in order to reduce mortality and also prevent spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The present study aims to evaluate the prevalence, demographic parameters, antibiotic sensitivity patterns and outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with bacterial co-infections. Methods: A total of 1019 COVID-19 patients were selected for the study. We analyzed the prevalence, antibiotic sensitivity pattern and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients having bacterial co-infections. Results: Out of a total 1019 COVID-19 patients screened, 5.2% of patients demonstrated clinical signs of bacterial co-infection. Bacteremia was found in majority of the patients followed by respiratory and urinary infections. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella spp. were most common isolates among the Gram-negative and Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CONS) and Staphylococcus aureus among the Gram-positive bacterial infections. Antibiotic sensitivity profiling revealed that colistin, imipenem and fosfomycin were the most effective drugs against the Gram-negative isolates while vancomycin, teicoplanin and doxycycline against the Gram-positive isolates. Analysis of clinical outcomes revealed that the mortality rate was higher (39%) among the patients with bacterial co-infections as compared to the group without co-infection (17%). Conclusions: This study reveals that the rate of bacterial co-infections is significantly increasing among COVID-19 patients and leading to increase in mortality. Systematic testing of bacterial co-infections is therefore essential in COVID-19 patients for better clinical outcomes and to reduce AMR.