Critical Nodes of Virus–Host Interaction Revealed Through an Integrated Network Analysis

Korbinian Bösl; Aleksandr Ianevski; Thoa T. Than; Petter I. Andersen; Suvi Kuivanen; Mona Teppor; Eva Zusinaite; Uga Dumpis; Astra Vitkauskiene; Rebecca J. Cox; Hannimari Kallio-Kokko; Anders Bergqvist; Tanel Tenson; Valentyn Oksenych; Magnar Bjørås; Marit W. Anthonsen; David Shum; Mari Kaarbø; Olli Vapalahti; Marc P. Windisch; Giulio Superti-Furga; Berend Snijder; Denis Kainov; Richard K. Kandasamy

Viruses continue to be a major contributor to the global burden of disease through acute and chronic infections that cause substantial economic impact in addition to increased mortality and morbidity (Virgin et al. 2009 ). Despite the tremendous improvement in the understanding of the antiviral immune response and the availability of therapeutics, existing and emerging viral diseases are an ever-growing problem, particularly in developing countries. Development of antiviral resistance of viruses such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), influenza A virus (IAV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a major concern (Irwin et al. 2016 , Howard and Fletcher 2012 , Bacon et al. 2003 . One of the main reasons for increasing resistances is the accumulation of mutations in the viral genome caused by multiple factors including the polymerase infidelity (Sanjuan and Domingo-Calap 2016, Peck and Lauring 2018) . Therefore, the World Health Organization (WHO) has urged for better control of viral diseases.