Is the H(2) economy realizable in the foreseeable future? Part III: H(2) usage technologies, applications, and challenges and opportunities

Nazir, Hassan; Muthuswamy, Navaneethan; Louis, Cindrella; Jose, Sujin; Prakash, Jyoti; Buan, Marthe E.M.; Flox, Cristina; Chavan, Sai; Shi, Xuan; Kauranen, Pertti; Kallio, Tanja; Maia, Gilberto; Tammeveski, Kaido; Lymperopoulos, Nikolaos; Carcadea, Elena; Veziroglu, Emre; Iranzo, Alfredo; M. Kannan, Arunachala

Energy enthusiasts in developed countries explore sustainable and efficient pathways for accomplishing zero carbon footprint through the H(2) economy. The major objective of the H(2) economy review series is to bring out the status, major issues, and opportunities associated with the key components such as H(2) production, storage, transportation, distribution, and applications in various energy sectors. Specifically, Part I discussed H(2) production methods including the futuristic ones such as photoelectrochemical for small, medium, and large-scale applications, while Part II dealt with the challenges and developments in H(2) storage, transportation, and distribution with national and international initiatives. Part III of the H(2) economy review discusses the developments and challenges in the areas of H(2) application in chemical/metallurgical industries, combustion, and fuel cells. Currently, the majority of H(2) is being utilized by a few chemical industries with >60% in the oil refineries sector, by producing grey H(2) by steam methane reforming on a large scale. In addition, the review also presents the challenges in various technologies for establishing greener and sustainable H(2) society.