Modeling Hepatotropic Viral Infections: Cells vs. Animals

Khoshdel-Rad, Niloofar; Zahmatkesh, Ensieh; Bikmulina, Polina; Peshkova, Maria; Kosheleva, Nastasia; Bezrukov, Evgeny A.; Sukhanov, Roman B.; Solovieva, Anna; Shpichka, Anastasia; Timashev, Peter; Vosough, Massoud

The lack of an appropriate platform for a better understanding of the molecular basis of hepatitis viruses and the absence of reliable models to identify novel therapeutic agents for a targeted treatment are the two major obstacles for launching efficient clinical protocols in different types of viral hepatitis. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, and the development of model systems for efficient viral replication is necessary for basic and applied studies. Viral hepatitis is a major health issue and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Despite the extensive efforts that have been made on fundamental and translational research, traditional models are not effective in representing this viral infection in a laboratory. In this review, we discuss in vitro cell-based models and in vivo animal models, with their strengths and weaknesses. In addition, the most important findings that have been retrieved from each model are described.