Author: Sebastian J. Schreiber; Ruian Ke; Claude Loverdo; Miran Park; Priyanna Ahsan; James O. Lloyd-Smith
                    Title: Cross-scale dynamics and the evolutionary emergence of infectious diseases  Document date: 2016_7_29
                    ID: hain3be0_35
                    
                    Snippet: For long-term infections, there is sufficient time for within-host selection to change the frequency of the mutant strain within a host. Larger transmission bottlenecks increase the likelihood that these changes in frequency are transmitted between hosts. For these long infectious periods and larger bottlenecks, a within-host selective disadvantage reduces the cross-scale reproductive number α (Appendix):.....
                    
                    
                    
                     
                    
                    
                    
                    
                        
                            
                                Document: For long-term infections, there is sufficient time for within-host selection to change the frequency of the mutant strain within a host. Larger transmission bottlenecks increase the likelihood that these changes in frequency are transmitted between hosts. For these long infectious periods and larger bottlenecks, a within-host selective disadvantage reduces the cross-scale reproductive number α (Appendix):
 
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