Countrywide Survey for MERS-Coronavirus Antibodies in Dromedaries and Humans in Pakistan

Zohaib, Ali; Saqib, Muhammad; Athar, Muhammad Ammar; Chen, Jing; Sial, Awais-ur-Rahman; Khan, Saeed; Taj, Zeeshan; Sadia, Halima; Tahir, Usman; Tayyab, Muhammad Haleem; Qureshi, Muhammad Asif; Mansoor, Muhammad Khalid; Naeem, Muhammad Ahsan; Hu, Bing-Jie; Khan, Bilal Ahmed; Ujjan, Ikram Din; Li, Bei; Zhang, Wei; Luo, Yun; Zhu, Yan; Waruhiu, Cecilia; Khan, Iahtasham; Yang, Xing-Lou; Sajid, Muhammad Sohail; Corman, Victor Max; Yan, Bing; Shi, Zheng-Li

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic pathogen capable of causing severe respiratory disease in humans. Although dromedary camels are considered as a major reservoir host, the MERS-CoV infection dynamics in camels are not fully understood. Through surveillance in Pakistan, nasal (n = 776) and serum (n = 1050) samples were collected from camels between November 2015 and February 2018. Samples were collected from animal markets, free-roaming herds and abattoirs. An in-house ELISA was developed to detect IgG against MERS-CoV. A total of 794 camels were found seropositive for MERS-CoV. Prevalence increased with the age and the highest seroprevalence was recorded in camels aged > 10 years (81.37%) followed by those aged 3.1–10 years (78.65%) and ≤ 3 years (58.19%). Higher prevalence was observed in female (78.13%) as compared to male (70.70%). Of the camel nasal swabs, 22 were found to be positive by RT-qPCR though with high Ct values. Moreover, 2,409 human serum samples were also collected from four provinces of Pakistan during 2016–2017. Among the sampled population, 840 humans were camel herders. Although we found a high rate of MERS-CoV antibody positive dromedaries (75.62%) in Pakistan, no neutralizing antibodies were detected in humans with and without contact to camels.