Seleno-Functionalization of Quercetin Improves the Non-Covalent Inhibition of M(pro) and Its Antiviral Activity in Cells against SARS-CoV-2

Mangiavacchi, Francesca; Botwina, Pawel; Menichetti, Elena; Bagnoli, Luana; Rosati, Ornelio; Marini, Francesca; Fonseca, Sérgio F.; Abenante, Laura; Alves, Diego; Dabrowska, Agnieszka; Kula-Pacurar, Anna; Ortega-Alarcon, David; Jimenez-Alesanco, Ana; Ceballos-Laita, Laura; Vega, Sonia; Rizzuti, Bruno; Abian, Olga; Lenardão, Eder J.; Velazquez-Campoy, Adrian; Pyrc, Krzysztof; Sancineto, Luca; Santi, Claudio

The development of new antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 is a valuable long-term strategy to protect the global population from the COVID-19 pandemic complementary to the vaccination. Considering this, the viral main protease (M(pro)) is among the most promising molecular targets in light of its importance during the viral replication cycle. The natural flavonoid quercetin 1 has been recently reported to be a potent M(pro) inhibitor in vitro, and we explored the effect produced by the introduction of organoselenium functionalities in this scaffold. In particular, we report here a new synthetic method to prepare previously inaccessible C-8 seleno-quercetin derivatives. By screening a small library of flavonols and flavone derivatives, we observed that some compounds inhibit the protease activity in vitro. For the first time, we demonstrate that quercetin (1) and 8-(p-tolylselenyl)quercetin (2d) block SARS-CoV-2 replication in infected cells at non-toxic concentrations, with an IC(50) of 192 μM and 8 μM, respectively. Based on docking experiments driven by experimental evidence, we propose a non-covalent mechanism for M(pro) inhibition in which a hydrogen bond between the selenium atom and Gln189 residue in the catalytic pocket could explain the higher M(pro) activity of 2d and, as a result, its better antiviral profile.