Recent release from prison - A novel risk factor for intimate partner homicide.

Cirone, Justin; Keskey, Robert; Hampton, David; Slidell, Mark; Crandall, Marie; Rattan, Rishi; Velopulos, Catherine G; Allen, Debra; Williams, Brian H; Wilson, Kenneth; Zakrison, Tanya L

BACKGROUND The United States has the highest per-capita incarceration rate and the largest prison population in the world. More than two thirds of recently incarcerated individuals will be arrested again within 3 years of release and may commit crimes as serious as homicide soon after discharge. The pattern of homicidal violence currently remains unknown for recently incarcerated homicide suspects (RIHS) and their victims. METHODS A retrospective analysis of the 36 states included in the 2003-2017 National Violent Death Reporting System was performed with a focus on RIHS and their victims. Pearson's chi-squared and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used for comparison. RESULTS There were 249 RIHS in the database of the 14,561 homicides where suspect recent incarceration status was documented. Compared to not-recently incarcerated suspects, RIHS were more likely to be white (41% vs 29%, p<0.001) and male (97% vs 91%, p<0.001). RIHS more often had a known relationship with the victim (75% vs 51%, p < 0.001), and these homicides more often occurred in the victim's own home (43% vs 34%, p=0.006). Intimate partner violence was a factor in 31% of the RIHS cases (vs 17%, p < 0.001). The homicide weapon was most likely to be a firearm (57.8%, p < 0.001). Only 6.4% of homicides were due to mental health illness. Gang violence, while more common in the RIHS group, was still only a precipitating factor in 12.0% of the homicides (vs 7.4%, p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS RIHS are more likely to kill a known person in their own home with a firearm and these homicides are frequently categorized as intimate partner homicides. Gang violence and mental health are not frequent precipitating factors in these deaths. Additional future interventions are urgently needed to eliminate these preventable deaths by alerting previous or current intimate partners of those being discharged from the prison system. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV STUDY TYPE: Retrospective cohort review.