Initial insights into the genetic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 isolates from Kerala suggest local spread from limited introductions

Radhakrishnan, Chandni; Divakar, Mohit Kumar; Jain, Abhinav; Viswanathan, Prasanth; Bhoyar, Rahul C.; Jolly, Bani; Imran, Mohamed; Sharma, Disha; Rophina, Mercy; Ranjan, Gyan; Jose, Beena Philomina; Raman, Rajendran Vadukkoot; Kesavan, Thulaseedharan Nallaveettil; George, Kalpana; Mathew, Sheela; Poovullathil, Jayesh Kumar; Govindan, Sajeeth Kumar Keeriyatt; Nair, Priyanka Raveendranadhan; Vadekkandiyil, Shameer; Gladson, Vineeth; Mohan, Midhun; Parambath, Fairoz Cheriyalingal; Mangla, Mohit; Shamnath, Afra; Sivasubbu, Sridhar; Scaria, Vinod

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rapidly spread from a city in China to almost every country in the world, affecting millions of individuals. Genomic approaches have been extensively used to understand the evolution and epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 across the world. Kerala is a unique state in India well connected with the rest of the world through a large number of expatriates, trade, and tourism. The first case of COVID-19 in India was reported in Kerala in January 2020, during the initial days of the pandemic. The rapid increase in the COVID-19 cases in the state of Kerala has necessitated the understanding of the genetic epidemiology of circulating virus, evolution, and mutations in SARS-CoV-2. We sequenced a total of 200 samples from patients at a tertiary hospital in Kerala using COVIDSeq protocol at a mean coverage of 7,755X. The analysis identified 166 unique high-quality variants encompassing 4 novel variants and 89 new variants identified for the first time in SARS-CoV-2 samples isolated from India. Phylogenetic and haplotype analysis revealed that the circulating population of the virus was dominated (94.6% of genomes) by three distinct introductions followed by local spread, apart from identifying polytomies suggesting recent outbreaks. The genomes formed a monophyletic distribution exclusively mapping to the A2a clade. Further analysis of the functional variants revealed two variants in the S gene of the virus reportedly associated with increased infectivity and 5 variants that mapped to five primer/probe binding sites that could potentially compromise the efficacy of RT-PCR detection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first and most comprehensive report of genetic epidemiology and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 isolates from Kerala.