A virus-specific monocyte inflammatory phenotype is induced by SARS-CoV2 at the immune-epithelial interface

Leon, Juliette; Michelson, Daniel A.; Olejnik, Judith; Chowdhary, Kaitavjeet; Oh, Hyung Suk; Hume, Adam J.; Galván-Peña, Silvia; Zhu, Yangyang; Chen, Felicia; Vijaykumar, Brinda; Yang, Liang; Crestani, Elena; Yonker, Lael M.; Knipe, David M.; Mühlberger, Elke; Benoist, Christophe

Infection by SARS-CoV2 provokes a potentially fatal pneumonia with multiorgan failure, and high systemic inflammation. To gain mechanistic insight and ferret out the root of this immune dysregulation, we modeled by in vitro co-culture the interactions between infected epithelial cells and immunocytes. A strong response was induced in monocytes and B cells, with a SARS-CoV2-specific inflammatory gene cluster distinct from that seen in influenza-A or Ebola virus-infected co-cultures, and which reproduced deviations reported in blood or lung myeloid cells from COVID-19 patients. A substantial fraction of the effect could be reproduced after individual transfection of several SARS-CoV2 proteins (Spike and some non-structural proteins), mediated by soluble factors, but not via transcriptional induction. This response was greatly muted in monocytes from healthy children, perhaps a clue to the age-dependency of COVID-19. These results suggest that the inflammatory malfunction in COVID-19 is rooted in the earliest perturbations that SARS-CoV2 induces in epithelia.