COVID-19 Pandemic: Cardiovascular Complications and Future Implications

Bandyopadhyay, Dhrubajyoti; Akhtar, Tauseef; Hajra, Adrija; Gupta, Manasvi; Das, Avash; Chakraborty, Sandipan; Pal, Ipsita; Patel, Neelkumar; Amgai, Birendra; Ghosh, Raktim K.; Fonarow, Gregg C.; Lavie, Carl J.; Naidu, Srihari S.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is now a global pandemic with the highest number of affected individuals in the modern era. Not only is the infection inflicting significant morbidity and mortality, but there has also been a significant strain to the health care system and the economy. COVID-19 typically presents as viral pneumonia, occasionally leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and death. However, emerging evidence suggests that it has a significant impact on the cardiovascular (CV) system by direct myocardial damage, severe systemic inflammatory response, hypoxia, right heart strain secondary to ARDS and lung injury, and plaque rupture secondary to inflammation. Primary cardiac manifestations include acute myocarditis, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, and abnormal clotting. Several consensus documents have been released to help manage CV disease during this pandemic. In this review, we summarize key cardiac manifestations, their management, and future implications.