Cellular Importin-α3 Expression Dynamics in the Lung Regulate Antiviral Response Pathways against Influenza A Virus Infection

Thiele, Swantje; Stanelle-Bertram, Stephanie; Beck, Sebastian; Kouassi, Nancy Mounogou; Zickler, Martin; Müller, Martin; Tuku, Berfin; Resa-Infante, Patricia; van Riel, Debby; Alawi, Malik; Günther, Thomas; Rother, Franziska; Hügel, Stefanie; Reimering, Susanne; McHardy, Alice; Grundhoff, Adam; Brune, Wolfram; Osterhaus, Albert; Bader, Michael; Hartmann, Enno; Gabriel, Gülsah

Importin-α adaptor proteins orchestrate dynamic nuclear transport processes involved in cellular homeostasis. Here, we show that importin-α3, one of the main NF-κB transporters, is the most abundantly expressed classical nuclear transport factor in the mammalian respiratory tract. Importin-α3 promoter activity is regulated by TNF-α-induced NF-κB in a concentration-dependent manner. High-level TNF-α-inducing highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (HPAIVs) isolated from fatal human cases harboring human-type polymerase signatures (PB2 627K, 701N) significantly downregulate importin-α3 mRNA expression in primary lung cells. Importin-α3 depletion is restored upon back-mutating the HPAIV polymerase into an avian-type signature (PB2 627E, 701D) that can no longer induce high TNF-α levels. Importin-α3-deficient mice show reduced NF-κB-activated antiviral gene expression and increased influenza lethality. Thus, importin-α3 plays a key role in antiviral immunity against influenza. Lifting the bottleneck in importin-α3 availability in the lung might provide a new strategy to combat respiratory virus infections.