Impact of vaccination on SARS-CoV-2 cases in the community: a population-based study using the UK COVID-19 Infection Survey

Pritchard, E.; Matthews, P.; Stoesser, N.; Eyre, D.; Gethings, O.; Vitha, K.-D.; Jones, J.; House, T.; VanSteenhouse, H.; Bell, I.; Bell, J.; Newton, J.; Farrar, J.; Diamond, I.; Rourke, E.; Studley, R.; Crook, D. W.; peto, t. E.; Walker, A. S.; Pouwels, K. B.; team, Coronavirus Infection Survey

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection in the community. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: The UK population-representative longitudinal COVID-19 Infection Survey. Participants: 373,402 participants aged [≥]16 years contributing 1,610,562 RT-PCR results from nose and throat swabs between 1 December 2020 and 3 April 2021. Main outcome measures: New RT-PCR-positive episodes for SARS-CoV-2 overall, by self-reported symptoms, by cycle threshold (Ct) value (<30 versus [≥]30), and by gene positivity (compatible with the B.1.1.7 variant versus not). Results: Odds of new SARS-CoV-2 infection were reduced 65% (95% CI 60 to 70%; P<0.001) in those [≥]21 days since first vaccination with no second dose versus unvaccinated individuals without evidence of prior infection (RT-PCR or antibody). In those vaccinated, the largest reduction in odds was seen post second dose (70%, 95% CI 62 to 77%; P<0.001).There was no evidence that these benefits varied between Oxford-AstraZeneca and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines (P>0.9).There was no evidence of a difference in odds of new SARS-CoV-2 infection for individuals having received two vaccine doses and with evidence of prior infection but not vaccinated (P=0.89). Vaccination had a greater impact on reducing SARS-CoV-2 infections with evidence of high viral shedding Ct<30 (88% reduction after two doses; 95% CI 80 to 93%; P<0.001) and with self-reported symptoms (90% reduction after two doses; 95% CI 82 to 94%; P<0.001); effects were similar for different gene positivity patterns. Conclusion: Vaccination with a single dose of Oxford-AstraZeneca or Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines, or two doses of Pfizer-BioNTech, significantly reduced new SARS-CoV-2 infections in this large community surveillance study. Greater reductions in symptomatic infections and/or infections with a higher viral burden are reflected in reduced rates of hospitalisations/deaths, but highlight the potential for limited ongoing transmission from asymptomatic infections in vaccinated individuals. Registration: The study is registered with the ISRCTN Registry, ISRCTN21086382.