Spinocerebellar ataxia type 14: refining clinicogenetic diagnosis in a rare adult-onset disorder.

Schmitz-Hübsch, Tanja; Lux, Silke; Bauer, Peter; Brandt, Alexander U; Schlapakow, Elena; Greschus, Susanne; Scheel, Michael; Gärtner, Hanna; Kirlangic, Mehmet E; Gras, Vincent; Timmann, Dagmar; Synofzik, Matthis; Giorgetti, Alejandro; Carloni, Paolo; Shah, Jon N; Schöls, Ludger; Kopp, Ute; Bußenius, Lisa; Oberwahrenbrock, Timm; Zimmermann, Hanna; Pfueller, Caspar; Kadas, Ella-Maria; Rönnefarth, Maria; Grosch, Anne-Sophie; Endres, Matthias; Amunts, Katrin; Paul, Friedemann; Doss, Sarah; Minnerop, Martina

OBJECTIVES Genetic variant classification is a challenge in rare adult-onset disorders as in SCA-PRKCG (prior spinocerebellar ataxia type 14) with mostly private conventional mutations and nonspecific phenotype. We here propose a refined approach for clinicogenetic diagnosis by including protein modeling and provide for confirmed SCA-PRKCG a comprehensive phenotype description from a German multi-center cohort, including standardized 3D MR imaging. METHODS This cross-sectional study prospectively obtained neurological, neuropsychological, and brain imaging data in 33 PRKCG variant carriers. Protein modeling was added as a classification criterion in variants of uncertain significance (VUS). RESULTS Our sample included 25 cases confirmed as SCA-PRKCG (14 variants, thereof seven novel variants) and eight carriers of variants assigned as VUS (four variants) or benign/likely benign (two variants). Phenotype in SCA-PRKCG included slowly progressive ataxia (onset at 4-50 years), preceded in some by early-onset nonprogressive symptoms. Ataxia was often combined with action myoclonus, dystonia, or mild cognitive-affective disturbance. Inspection of brain MRI revealed nonprogressive cerebellar atrophy. As a novel finding, a previously not described T2 hyperintense dentate nucleus was seen in all SCA-PRKCG cases but in none of the controls. INTERPRETATION In this largest cohort to date, SCA-PRKCG was characterized as a slowly progressive cerebellar syndrome with some clinical and imaging features suggestive of a developmental disorder. The observed non-ataxia movement disorders and cognitive-affective disturbance may well be attributed to cerebellar pathology. Protein modeling emerged as a valuable diagnostic tool for variant classification and the newly described T2 hyperintense dentate sign could serve as a supportive diagnostic marker of SCA-PRKCG.