Global dynamics of a general vector-borne disease model with two transmission routes

Sk Shahid Nadim; Indrajit Ghosh; Joydev Chattopadhyay

The mode of transmission of some infectious diseases may be through both direct and indirect con-9 tact. In direct transmission, a pathogen can infect a susceptible host through infected host, and in 10 indirect transmission, a pathogen can infect a susceptible host through an infected vector. For instance, 11 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (1) and Zika virus (2) may be spread both policies have been found very effective (5; 6) in decreasing the rate of infection at the late stage of SARS outbreak, even when the number of infective individuals were getting larger relatively. Additionally, the influenza pandemic of 2009 has triggered a psychological effect that caused adoption of preventive 23 measures by a significant portion of the population (4). Recent MERS-CoV outbreak in Arabian penin-24 sula also imposed a significant behaviour change in the local people (1) . Thus, psychological effects 25 are necessary in modelling infectious disease transmission. The general incidence rate in this context at time t is given by N v (t) = S v (t) + I v (t). We assume all newborn hosts are fully susceptible. The susceptible host population increases at a constant rate Πh . The susceptible population decreases due to 66 getting infection from infected vectors and infected hosts and natural mortality at a rate µ h . Therefore