Receptor and viral determinants of SARS-coronavirus adaptation to human ACE2

Li, Wenhui; Zhang, Chengsheng; Sui, Jianhua; Kuhn, Jens H; Moore, Michael J; Luo, Shiwen; Wong, Swee-Kee; Huang, I-Chueh; Xu, Keming; Vasilieva, Natalya; Murakami, Akikazu; He, Yaqing; Marasco, Wayne A; Guan, Yi; Choe, Hyeryun; Farzan, Michael

Human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a functional receptor for SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Here we identify the SARS-CoV spike (S)-protein-binding site on ACE2. We also compare S proteins of SARS-CoV isolated during the 2002–2003 SARS outbreak and during the much less severe 2003–2004 outbreak, and from palm civets, a possible source of SARS-CoV found in humans. All three S proteins bound to and utilized palm-civet ACE2 efficiently, but the latter two S proteins utilized human ACE2 markedly less efficiently than did the S protein obtained during the earlier human outbreak. The lower affinity of these S proteins could be complemented by altering specific residues within the S-protein-binding site of human ACE2 to those of civet ACE2, or by altering S-protein residues 479 and 487 to residues conserved during the 2002–2003 outbreak. Collectively, these data describe molecular interactions important to the adaptation of SARS-CoV to human cells, and provide insight into the severity of the 2002–2003 SARS epidemic.