COVID-19 coronavirus vaccine design using reverse vaccinology and machine learning

Edison Ong; Mei U Wong; Anthony Huffman; Yongqun He

have issues in the lack of inducing complete protection and possible safety concerns 7,8 . All 77 existing SARS/MERS vaccines were reported to induce neutralizing antibodies and partial 78 protection against the viral challenges in animal models (Table 2) , but it is desired to induce 79 complete protection or sterile immunity. Moreover, it has become increasingly clear that multiple 80 immune responses, including those induced by humoral or cell-mediated immunity, are 81 responsible for correlates of protection than antibody titers alone 9 . Both killed SARS-CoV whole 82 virus vaccine and adenovirus-based recombinant vector vaccines expressing S or N proteins 83 induced neutralizing antibody responses but did not provide complete protection in animal 84 model 10 . A study has shown increased liver pathology in the vaccinated ferrets immunized with 85 modified vaccinia Ankara-S recombinant vaccine 11 . The safety and efficacy of these vaccination 86