Patterns of repeated diagnostic testing for COVID‐19 in relation to patient characteristics and outcomes

Salerno, S.; Zhao, Z.; Prabhu Sankar, S.; Salvatore, M.; Gu, T.; Fritsche, L. G.; Lee, S.; Lisabeth, L. D.; Valley, T. S.; Mukherjee, B.

BACKGROUND: Whilst the COVID‐19 diagnostic test has a high false‐negative rate, not everyone initially negative is re‐tested. Michigan Medicine, a primary regional centre, provided an ideal setting for studying testing patterns during the first wave of the pandemic. OBJECTIVES: To identify the characteristics of patients who underwent repeated testing for COVID‐19 and determine if repeated testing was associated with downstream outcomes amongst positive cases. METHODS: Characteristics, test results, and health outcomes for patients presenting for a COVID‐19 diagnostic test were collected. We examined whether patient characteristics differed with repeated testing and estimated a false‐negative rate for the test. We then studied repeated testing patterns in patients with severe COVID‐19‐related outcomes. RESULTS: Patient age, sex, body mass index, neighbourhood poverty levels, pre‐existing type 2 diabetes, circulatory, kidney, and liver diseases, and cough, fever/chills, and pain symptoms 14 days prior to a first test were associated with repeated testing. Amongst patients with a positive result, age (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: (1.05, 1.34)) and pre‐existing kidney diseases (OR: 2.26; 95% CI: (1.41, 3.68)) remained significant. Hospitalization (OR: 7.88; 95% CI: (5.15, 12.26)) and ICU‐level care (OR: 6.93; 95% CI: (4.44, 10.92)) were associated with repeated testing. The estimated false‐negative rate was 23.8% (95% CI: (19.5%, 28.5%)). CONCLUSIONS: Whilst most patients were tested once and received a negative result, a meaningful subset underwent multiple rounds of testing. These results shed light on testing patterns and have important implications for understanding the variation of repeated testing results within and between patients.