Clinical Significance of Serum IgM and IgG levels in COVID-19 patients in Hubei Province, China

Bai, Zhenjiang; Li, Qing; Chen, Qinghui; Niu, Changming; Wei, Yu; Huang, Hanpeng; Zhao, Wei; Chen, Nian; Yao, Xin; Zhang, Qiang; Mu, Chuanyong; Feng, Jian; Zhu, Chuanlong; Li, Zhuo; Ding, Ming; Feng, Binhui; Jin, Chaochao; Lu, Xiang; Yang, Yi; Wu, Shuiyan; Shu, Xiaochen; Hu, Lifang; Qiu, Haibo; Huang, YingZi

Background There have been many studies about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID -19), but the clinical significance of quantitative serum severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)-specific IgM and IgG levels in COVID-19 patients have not been exhaustively studied. We aimed to study the time profiles of these IgM/IgG levels in COVID-19 patients and their correlations with clinical features. Methods A multicenter clinical study was conducted from February to March 2020. It involved 179 COVID-19 patients (108 males and 71 females) from five hospitals in Huangshi in Hubei Province, China. To detect SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM/IgG, quantitative antibody assays (two-step indirect immunoassays with direct chemiluminescence technology) based on the nucleocapsid protein (NP) and spike protein 1 (S1) were used. For normally distributed data, means were compared using the t test, χ2 test, or exact probability method. For categorical data, medians were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Results The median age was 57(44-69) years (58(38-69) for males and 57(49-68) for females). The median duration of positive nucleic acid test was 22.32 (17.34-27.43) days. The mortality rate was relatively low (3/179, 1.68%). Serum SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG was detected around week 1 after illness onset, gradually increased until peaking in weeks 4 and 5, and then declined. Serum IgM peaked in weeks 2 and 3, then gradually declined and returned to its normal range by week 7 in all patients. Notably, children had milder respiratory symptoms with lower SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM/IgG levels. The duration of positive nucleic acid test in the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) group was 30.36(18.99-34.76) days, which was significantly longer than that in the non-COPD group (21.52(16.75-26.51) days; P=0.011). The peak serum SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG was significantly positively correlated with the duration of positive nucleic acid test. The incidence rate of severe and critical cases in the IgMhi group (using the median IgM level of 29.95 AU/ml as the cutoff for grouping) was about 38% (19/50), which was twice as much as that in the IgMlo group (18.37%; 9/49). The patients with positive chest imaging and lymphocytopenia (<1 × 109/L) had a higher SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM level. Conclusions Quantitative SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM and IgG levels are helpful for the diagnosis, severity classification, and management of COVID-19 patients, and they should be monitored in each stage of this disease.