Effects of COVID‐19 lockdown on the mental health of dental students: A longitudinal study

Hakami, Zaki; Vishwanathaiah, Satish; Abuzinadah, Samar Hatem; Alhaddad, Abdulrahman Jafar; Bokhari, Ahmed M.; Marghalani, Hussain Y.A.; Shahin, Suliman Y.

OBJECTIVES: Many countries have enforced lockdowns on their populations due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. This study aimed to assess the effects of the lockdown on dental students. METHODS: A longitudinal, repeated cross‐sectional study was conducted to evaluate psychological problems experienced by dental students during the COVID‐19 lockdown in Saudi Arabia. The dental students were selected from different universities using 2‐stage cluster sampling. The validated Arabic version of the 21‐item depression, anxiety, and stress scale questionnaire was distributed at the beginning and end of the lockdown. Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used as appropriate. Chi‐square test was used to compare the proportions between the sociodemographic data, and logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables associated with the students’ responses. RESULTS: A total of 1287 respondents participated in this study (695 first‐survey respondents, 592 second‐survey respondents). There were longitudinally significant differences in the students’ mental health outcomes based on gender, university, class year, and survey time during the COVID‐19 lockdown. The lockdown increased the likelihood of female, single, and junior students experiencing stress. The students who lived alone recorded a high chance of elevated levels of depression, anxiety, and stress, which showed a significant longitudinal reduction during the lockdown. Moreover, the lockdown increased the likelihood of mental health problems among the students staying in households of two persons or two‐five persons. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates the importance of considering the detrimental mental health consequences on dental students in the event of future pandemics.