Integrated analyses of single-cell atlases reveal age, gender, and smoking status associations with cell type-specific expression of mediators of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and highlights inflammatory programs in putative target cells

Christoph Muus; Malte D Luecken; Gokcen Eraslan; Avinash Waghray; Graham Heimberg; Lisa Sikkema; Yoshihiko Kobayashi; Eeshit Dhaval Vaishnav; Ayshwarya Subramanian; Christopher Smillie; Karthik Jagadeesh; Elizabeth Thu Duong; Evgenij Fiskin; Elena Torlai Triglia; Christophe Becavin; Meshal Ansari; Peiwen Cai; Brian Lin; Justin Buchanan; Sijia Chen; Jian Shu; Adam L Haber; Hattie Chung; Daniel T Montoro; Taylor Adams; Hananeh Aliee; Samuel J Allon; Zaneta Andrusivova; Ilias Angelidis; Orr Ashenberg; Kevin Bassler; Christophe Becavin; Inbal Benhar; Joseph Bergenstrahle; Ludvig Bergenstrahle; Liam Bolt; Emelie Braun; Linh T Bui; Mark Chaffin; Evgeny Chichelnitskiy; Joshua Chiou; Thomas M Conlon; Michael S Cuoco; Marie Deprez; David S Fischer; Astrid Gillich; Joshua Gould; Minzhe Guo; Austin J Gutierrez; Arun C Habermann; Tyler Harvey; Peng He; Xiaomeng Hou; Lijuan Hu; Alok Jaiswal; Peiyong Jiang; Theodoros Kapellos; Christin S Kuo; Ludvig Larsson; Michael A Leney-Greene; Kyungtae Lim; Monika Litvinukova; Ji Lu; Leif S Ludwig; Wendy Luo; Henrike Maatz; Elo Maddissoon; Lira Mamanova; Kasidet Manakongtreecheep; Charles-Hugo Marquette; Ian Mbano; Alexi M McAdams; Ross J Metzger; Ahmad N Nabhan; Sarah K Nyquist; Jose Ordovas-Montanes; Lolita Penland; Olivier B Poirion; Segio Poli; CanCan Qi; Daniel Reichart; Ivan Rosas; Jonas Schupp; Rahul Sinha; Rene V Sit; Kamil Slowikowski; Michal Slyper; Neal Smith; Alex Sountoulidis; Maximilian Strunz; Dawei Sun; Carlos Talavera-Lopez; Peng Tan; Jessica Tantivit; Kyle J Travaglini; Nathan R Tucker; Katherine Vernon; Marc H Wadsworth; Julia Waldman; Xiuting Wang; Wenjun Yan; Ali Onder Yildirim; William Zhao; Carly G K Ziegler; Aviv Regev

Proximity ligation in situ hybridization (PLISH) was performed as described previously 173 . Briefly, frozen human trachea and distal lung sections were fixed with 4.0% paraformaldehyde for 20 min, treated with protease (20 µg/mL proteinase K for lung or Pepsin for trachea for 9 min) at 37°C, and dehydrated with up-series of ethanol. The sections were incubated with gene-specific oligos (Supplementary Table 11 ) in hybridization buffer (1 M sodium trichloroacetate, 50 mM Tris [pH 7.4], 5 mM EDTA, 0.2 mg/mL heparin) for 2 h at 37°C. Common bridge and circle probes were added to the section and incubated for 1 h followed by T4 ligase reaction for 2 h. Rolling circle amplification was performed by using phi29 polymerase (#30221, Lucigen) for 12 hours at 37°C. Fluorophore-conjugated detection probe was applied and incubated for 30 min at 37°C followed by mounting in medium containing DAPI.