Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Following an Outbreak Among Marine Recruits With Asymptomatic or Mild Infection

Ramos, Irene; Goforth, Carl; Soares-Schanoski, Alessandra; Weir, Dawn L.; Samuels, Emily C.; Phogat, Shreshta; Meyer, Michelle; Huang, Kai; Pietzsch, Colette A.; Ge, Yongchao; Pike, Brian L.; Regeimbal, James; Simons, Mark P.; Termini, Michael S.; Vangeti, Sindhu; Marjanovic, Nada; Lizewski, Stephen; Lizewski, Rhonda; George, Mary-Catherine; Nair, Venugopalan D.; Smith, Gregory R.; Mao, Weiguang; Chikina, Maria; Broder, Christopher C.; Laing, Eric D.; Bukreyev, Alexander; Sealfon, Stuart C.; Letizia, Andrew G.

We investigated serological responses following a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in spring 2020 on a US Marine recruit training base. 147 participants that were isolated during an outbreak of respiratory illness were enrolled in this study, with visits approximately 6 and 10 weeks post-outbreak (PO). This cohort is comprised of young healthy adults, ages 18-26, with a high rate of asymptomatic infection or mild symptoms, and therefore differs from previously reported longitudinal studies on humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2, which often focus on more diverse age populations and worse clinical presentation. 80.9% (119/147) of the participants presented with circulating IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) receptor-binding domain (RBD) at 6 weeks PO, of whom 97.3% (111/114) remained positive, with significantly decreased levels, at 10 weeks PO. Neutralizing activity was detected in all sera from SARS-CoV-2 IgG positive participants tested (n=38) at 6 and 10 weeks PO, without significant loss between time points. IgG and IgA antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 RBD, S1, S2, and the nucleocapsid (N) protein, as well neutralization activity, were generally comparable between those participants that had asymptomatic infection or mild disease. A multiplex assay including S proteins from SARS-CoV-2 and related zoonotic and human endemic betacoronaviruses revealed a positive correlation for polyclonal cross-reactivity to S after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Overall, young adults that experienced asymptomatic or mild SARS-CoV-2 infection developed comparable humoral responses, with no decrease in neutralizing activity at least up to 10 weeks after infection.