Health impact assessment of air pollutants during the COVID-19 pandemic in a Brazilian metropolis

Leão, Marcos Lorran Paranhos; Penteado, Julia Oliveira; Ulguim, Sabrina Morales; Gabriel, Rômulo Reginato; dos Santos, Marina; Brum, Aline Neutzling; Zhang, Linjie; da Silva Júnior, Flavio Manoel Rodrigues

Studies around the world have revealed reduced levels of atmospheric particulate matter in periods of greatest human mobility restriction to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study aimed to carry out a health impact assessment in Recife, Brazil, hypothesizing a scenario in which the levels of PM(10) and PM(2.5) remained, throughout the year, as in the most restrictive period of human mobility. Particular material data (PM(10) and PM(2.5)) were measured during the pandemic and population and health (mortality, hospital admissions for heart and respiratory problems) data from 2018 were used. We observed a reduction in the concentration of PM(2.5) in up to 43.7% and PM(10) up to 29.5% during the period of social isolation in the city of Recife. The reduction in PM(2.5) would avoid 106 annual deaths from non-external causes and 58 annual deaths from cardiovascular diseases. In this scenario, $ 294.88 million would be saved ($ 114.88 million from heart problems and $ 180 million from non-external causes). When considering hospitalizations avoided by the decrease in PM(10), we observed 57 fewer hospitalizations for respiratory diseases, 42 for heart diseases and a reduction of 37 deaths due to non-external causes. The reduction in spending on respiratory and cardiovascular hospitalizations would exceed $ 330,000. Therefore, the reduction of particulate matter could prevent hospital admissions, deaths and consequently there would be a reduction in disease burden in developing countries where economic resources are scarce. In this sense, governments should seek to reduce levels of pollution in order to improve the life quality and health of the population.