Post-Acute COVID Syndrome, the Aftermath of Mild to Severe COVID-19 in Brazilian Patients

Andrade Barreto, A. P.; Duarte, L. C.; Cerqueira-Silva, T.; Barreto Filho, M. A.; Camelier, A.; Tavares, N. M.; Barral-Netto, M.; Boaventura, V. S.; Chalhoub, M.; Study, CPC Group

Objective: To describe persistent symptoms after acute COVID-19 in different spectrum of disease severity in a population from an upper/middle income country, and identify the main clinical features impacting the quality of life. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Outpatient clinic from a public post-COVID-19 health center (CPC) at Bahia-Brazil, a state where 80% are black or mixed race. Participants: Patients admitted between August 2020 and February 2021 with symptoms at least one month after the onset of COVID-19. Main outcome measures: PACS and related disorders such as hospitalization one month or later after disease onset, biochemical dysregulation and reduced quality of life (EQ-5D-5L questionnaire). Results: Among 683 individuals assisted at CPC in this period, 602 were recruited. Patients had average of 52 ({+/-}14.6) years, 355 (59%) were female, 528 (88%) black/brown. Individuals were classified as mild (39.9%), moderate (27.9%) or severe (32.2%) during acute illness if outpatient, hospitalized non-UCI or UCI, respectively. Most patients reported a polysymptomatic profile, in median eight (IQR=6-9) acute symptoms. The most frequent residual symptoms were dyspnea (66%), fatigue (62%) and chest pain (43%). Women were more affected regardless disease severity at acute stage: presented more residual symptoms [4 (2-6) vs 3 (2-4)] and a higher impact in quality of life. Altered HbA1c [(184/275 (66.9%)], high CRP levels [195/484 (40.3%)] and anemia [143/545 (26.2%)] were the most common abnormalities in laboratory exams. 76 patients presented HbA1c above 6.4% although only 42 referred previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. After one month of disease onset, 30 patients required hospitalization, including seven cases with mild acute illness. Hospital admission after acute disease was required on 30 patients, seven (23%) were mild. Quality of life had been affected for 357/404 (88.4%) patients according to EuroQoL (EQ-5D-5L), mainly the domains of anxiety/depression [severe or extreme anxiety for 79/401 (19.7%)] and pain/discomfort [severe or extreme pain for 71/403 (17.6%)]. The median EuroQoL Global Score was 70 [IQR 50-80]. PACS symptoms such as dyspnea, chest pain, and fatigue, was associated with decreased quality of life. Conclusions: PACS, such as dyspnea, chest pain and fatigue, occurred after variable degree of disease severity. Among this majority black/mixed-race patients, woman seemed to be more affected. Other consequences included post-acute hospitalization, and abnormal glucose metabolism and reduced quality of life.