Detection of SARS-CoV-2 by antigen ELISA test is highly swayed by viral load and sample storage condition

Adnan, Nihad; Khandker, Shahad Saif; Haq, Ahsanul; Chaity, Mousumi Akter; Khalek, Abdul; Nazim, Anawarul Quader; Kaitsuka, Taku; Tomizawa, Kazuhito; Mie, Masayasu; Kobatake, Eiry; Ahmed, Sohel; Ali, nor Azlina A; Khondoker, Mohib Ullah; Haque, Mainul; Jamiruddin, Mohd. Raeed

BACKGROUND: Rapid increase in COVID-19 suspected cases has rendered disease diagnosis challenging, mainly depending upon RT-qPCR. Reliable, rapid, and cost-effective diagnostic assays that complement RT-qPCR should be introduced after thoroughly evaluating their performance upon various disease phases, viral load, and sample storage conditions. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the correlation of cycle threshold (Ct) value, which implies the viral load and infection phase, and the storage condition of the clinical specimen with the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 through our newly developed in-house rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system. METHOD: Naso-oropharyngeal samples of 339 COVID-19 suspected cases were collected and evaluated through RT-qPCR that were stored up to 30 days in different conditions (i.e. −80°C, −20°C and initially at 4°C followed by −80°C). The clinical specimens were evaluated with our in-house ELISA system after finalizing the assay method through checkerboard assay and minimizing the signal/noise ratio. RESULT: The ELISA system showed the highest sensitivity (92.9%) for samples with Ct ≤30 and preserving at −80°C temperature. The sensitivity reduced proportionally with increasing Ct value and preserving temperature. However, the specificity ranged between 98.3% and 100%. CONCLUSION: The results indicate the necessity of early infection phase diagnosis and lower temperature preservation of samples to perform rapid antigen ELISA tests.