Roles of natural killer cells in antiviral immunity

Waggoner, Stephen N; Reighard, Seth D; Gyurova, Ivayla E; Cranert, Stacey A; Mahl, Sarah E; Karmele, Erik P; McNally, Jonathan P; Moran, Michael T; Brooks, Taylor R; Yaqoob, Fazeela; Rydyznski, Carolyn E

Natural killer (NK) cells are important in immune defense against virus infections. This is predominantly considered a function of rapid, innate NK-cell killing of virus-infected cells. However, NK cells also prime other immune cells through the release of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and other cytokines. Additionally, NK cells share features with long-lived adaptive immune cells and can impact disease pathogenesis through the inhibition of adaptive immune responses by virus-specific T and B cells. The relative contributions of these diverse and conflicting functions of NK cells in humans are poorly defined and likely context-dependent, thereby complicating the development of therapeutic interventions. Here we focus on the contributions of NK cells to disease in diverse virus infections germane to human health.