SARS-CoV-2 mucosal antibody development and persistence and their relation to viral load and COVID-19 symptoms

Fröberg, Janeri; Gillard, Joshua; Philipsen, Ria; Lanke, Kjerstin; Rust, Joyce; van Tuijl, Diana; Teelen, Karina; Bousema, Teun; Simonetti, Elles; van der Gaast-de Jongh, Christa E.; Bos, Mariska; van Kuppeveld, Frank J.; Bosch, Berend-Jan; Nabuurs-Franssen, Marrigje; van der Geest-Blankert, Nannet; van Daal, Charlotte; Huynen, Martijn A.; de Jonge, Marien I.; Diavatopoulos, Dimitri A.

Although serological studies have shown that antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 play an important role in protection against (re)infection, the dynamics of mucosal antibodies during primary infection and their potential impact on viral load and the resolution of disease symptoms remain unclear. During the first pandemic wave, we assessed the longitudinal nasal antibody response in index cases with mild COVID-19 and their household contacts. Nasal and serum antibody responses were analysed for up to nine months. Higher nasal receptor binding domain and spike protein-specific antibody levels at study inclusion were associated with lower viral load. Older age was correlated with more frequent COVID-19 related symptoms. Receptor binding domain and spike protein-specific mucosal antibodies were associated with the resolution of systemic, but not respiratory symptoms. Finally, receptor binding domain and spike protein-specific mucosal antibodies remained elevated up to nine months after symptom onset.