Reduction and exhausted features of T lymphocytes under serological changes, and prognostic factors in COVID-19 progression

Mahmoodpoor, Ata; Hosseini, Maryam; Soltani-Zangbar, Sadegh; Sanaie, Sarvin; Aghebati-Maleki, Leili; Saghaleini, Seyed Hadi; Ostadi, Zohreh; Hajivalili, Mahsa; Bayatmakoo, Zhinous; Haji-Fatahaliha, Mostafa; Babaloo, Zohreh; Farid, Sima Shahmohammadi; Heris, Javad Ahmadian; Roshangar, Leila; Ghiasi, Reza Rikhtegar; Kafil, Hossein Samadi; Yousefi, Mehdi

AIMS: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel viral infection threatening worldwide health as currently there exists no effective treatment strategy and vaccination programs are not publicly available yet. T lymphocytes play an important role in antiviral defenses. However, T cell frequency and functionality may be affected during the disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Total blood samples were collected from patients with mild and severe COVID-19, and the total lymphocyte number, as well as CD4+ and CD8 + T cells were assessed using flowcytometry. Besides, the expression of exhausted T cell markers was evaluated. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines were also investigated in the serum of all patients using enzyme-linked immunesorbent assay (ELISA). Finally, the obtained results were analyzed along with laboratory serological reports. RESULTS: COVID-19 patients showed lymphopenia and reduced CD4+ and CD8 + T cells, as well as high percentage of PD-1 expression by T cells, especially in severe cases. Serum secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) were remarkably increased in patients with severe symptoms, as compared with healthy controls. Moreover, high levels of triglyceride (TG) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), were correlated with the severity of the disease. CONCLUSION: Reduced number and function of T cells were observed in COVID-19 patients, especially in severe patients. Meanwhile, the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines was increased as the disease developed. High level of serum IL-2R was also considered as a sign of lymphopenia. Additionally, hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia could be important prognostic factors in determining the severity of the infection.