Kidney disease and COVID-19 disease severity—systematic review and meta-analysis

Singh, Jagmeet; Malik, Preeti; Patel, Nidhi; Pothuru, Suveenkrishna; Israni, Avantika; Chakinala, Raja Chandra; Hussain, Maryam Rafaqat; Chidharla, Anusha; Patel, Harshil; Patel, Saurabh Kumar; Rabbani, Rizwan; Patel, Urvish; Chugh, Savneek; Kichloo, Asim

We aimed to identify prevalence and association of comorbid chronic kidney disease (CKD), acute kidney injury (AKI) and utilization prevalence of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in COVID-19-hospitalized patients as a function of severity status. With the ongoing struggle across the globe to combat COVID-19 disease, published literature has described the role of kidney disease in COVID-19 patients based on single/multicenter experiences across the globe. We extracted data from observational studies describing comorbid CKD, AKI and CRRT and outcomes and severity of COVID-19-hospitalized patients from December 1, 2019–August 20, 2020 following PRISMA guidelines. Severity of COVID-19 includes intensive care unit admission, oxygen saturation < 90%, invasive mechanical ventilation utilization, in-hospital admission and mortality. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model to calculate pooled estimates, and forest plots were created. In total, 29 studies with 15,017 confirmed COVID-19 patients were included. The overall prevalence of AKI was 11.6% [(430/3693)], comorbid CKD 9.7% [(1342/13,728)] and CRRT 2.58% [(102/3946)] in our meta-analysis. We also found higher odds of comorbid CKD (pooled OR: 1.70; 95%CI: 1.21–2.40; p = 0.002), AKI (8.28; 4.42–15.52; p < 0.00001) and utilization of CRRT (16.90; 9.00–31.74; p < 0.00001) in patients with severe COVID-19 disease. Conclusion Our meta-analysis suggests that comorbid CKD, AKI and utilization of CRRT were significantly associated with COVID-19 disease severity. Clinicians should focus on early triaging of COVID-19 patients with comorbid CKD and at risk for AKI to prevent complication and mortality. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10238-021-00715-x.